NP-difficile

Anglais

NP-hardness

NP-hardness (non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness), in computational complexity theory, is the defining property of a class of problems that are, informally, "at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP". More precisely, a problem H is NP-hard when every problem L in NP can be reduced in polynomial time to H; that is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, we can use H‎'s solution to solve L in polynomial time.[1][2] As a consequence, finding a polynomial algorithm to solve any NP-hard problem would give polynomial algorithms for all the problems in NP, which is unlikely as many of them are considered hard.[3]

A common misconception is that the NP in "NP-hard" stands for "non-polynomial" when in fact it stands for "Non-deterministic Polynomial acceptable problems".[4] Although it is suspected that there are no polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems, this has not been proven.[5] Moreover, the class P in which all problems can be solved in polynomial time, is contained in the NP class.[6]